Technology — Holochain, JSON-LD, and the Economy3 Stack

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      "e3": "https://economy3.org/",
      "hc": "https://holochain.org/",
      "mcp": "https://modelcontextprotocol.io/",
      "p2pShipyard": "https://github.com/darksoil-studio/p2p-shipyard#",
      "skos": "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
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  "@id": "https://economy3.org/site-page/technology",
  "termCode": "technology",
  "name": "Technology — Holochain, JSON-LD, and the Economy3 Stack",
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    "propertyID": "economy3:site-page",
    "name": "Economy3 site page",
    "value": "technology"
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  "description": "Holochain, JSON-LD, schema.org, EPCIS 2.0, and MCP. Why each decision was made and what it rules out. The full stack for provenance infrastructure that works in the Global South.",
  "hasPart": [
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      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "eyebrow",
      "text": "Technology · QR Commerce"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "h1",
      "text": "Open infrastructure."
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "h1em",
      "text": "No platform lock-in."
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "lede",
      "text": "Every architectural decision in Economy3 is made for the same reason: the infrastructure must work for a herder in Rajasthan and a compliance officer in Brussels, simultaneously, with no intermediary capturing the value between them."
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "archEyebrow",
      "text": "Architecture"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "epcisLabel",
      "text": "Schema.org → EPCIS 2.0 export path"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "stackEyebrow",
      "text": "Full stack"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "anatomyEyebrow",
      "text": "The record, anatomized"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "anatomyHeadline",
      "text": "Two layers. One record. Every reader satisfied."
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "anatomyBody",
      "text": "The resource layer is schema.org — readable by DPP validators, Google, and every EU registry endpoint. The flow layer is ValueFlows — readable by hREA GraphQL clients and FEP-0837 federated marketplaces. Both live in the same JSON-LD document. No translation layer."
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "layer1",
      "text": "Layer 1 — Resource (schema.org + DPP validators)"
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      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "layer2",
      "text": "Layer 2 — Flow (ValueFlows · hREA · FEP-0837)"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "decisionsEyebrow",
      "text": "Why we built it this way"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "esprEyebrow",
      "text": "ESPR non-functional requirements"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "esprHeadline",
      "text": "The regulation specifies the stack"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "esprBody",
      "text": "ESPR Article 10(1)(d) defines the technical requirements every DPP system must satisfy. Economy3 satisfies all of them by design — not by retrofit."
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "esprSource",
      "text": "Source: JRC (2026) doi:10.2760/4511279 · ESPR Regulation 2024/1781"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "commonsEyebrow",
      "text": "The safe commons choice"
    },
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      "identifier": "commonsH2",
      "text": "Open infrastructure."
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "commonsH2em",
      "text": "No platform to defect."
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "commonsP2",
      "text": "Economy3 is the interoperability layer. Holochain, JSON-LD, schema.org, ValueFlows, om2, EPCIS 2.0 — all published open standards, all freely implementable, all with active communities. Partners own their records. The DHT has no owner. There is no platform to change its terms, no API to be deprecated, no pricing to be raised."
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "commonsP3",
      "text": "Economy3 records are readable today by hREA GraphQL clients, FEP-0837 federated marketplaces, schema.org validators, EPCIS 2.0 exporters, and AI purchasing agents — without any Economy3 server in the loop. That is what open infrastructure means."
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "standardsNote",
      "text": "All standards are open, published, and freely implementable."
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "ctaBuilder",
      "text": "Talk to the builder →"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "decisions",
      "hasPart": [
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Holochain, not Ethereum",
          "text": "Agent-centric. No gas fees. Works offline. Append-only DHT. Global South farmers can sign hops on a basic phone with no internet connection. Ethereum requires gas for every write and fails offline."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "JSON-LD, not JSON",
          "text": "W3C standard. EU ESPR mandated. AI/agentic discovery ready. schema.org vocabulary is the only format that satisfies climate compliance regulations AND is natively readable by AI purchasing agents. Plain JSON is opaque to both."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "schema.org, not PROV-O",
          "text": "material accepts a Product as its value — chain custody stages by nesting Product records. Full lineage in pure schema.org. No PROV-O required. Custody events map to ReceiveAction/SendAction/TransferAction."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Append-only records",
          "text": "No upstream records are ever modified. All changes are additive. A compliance officer auditing a DoD supply chain sees every version, every correction, every handoff — in the order it happened. Quiet rewrites are impossible."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Federation, not platform",
          "text": "Local value capture. Permissioned minimum shared across borders. Partners own their data. The infrastructure is a digital public good. No platform captures the value that rightfully belongs to the maker."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "MCP server, not API",
          "text": "Model Context Protocol is the emerging standard for AI agent tool use. The Economy3 MCP server exposes five tools — get_provenance_record, verify_berry_amendment, check_eu_dpp, get_custody_chain, check_compliance — directly queryable by Claude, GPT, and any MCP-compatible agent. Live now for demo records; DHT connection ships Q3 2026."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Cryptographic signing as legal compliance, not a feature",
          "text": "ESPR Article 11(g) requires 'data authentication, reliability, and integrity' for every DPP record. The EU Joint Research Centre's 2026 DPP methodology elaborates: 'verifiability and attributability: every data addition traceable to the actor that created it, through digital signatures or equivalent cryptographic means.' Holochain's per-agent signing satisfies this requirement by design. Competitors who rely on database records without cryptographic attestation are non-compliant. Source: JRC145830, doi:10.2760/4511279."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "ValueFlows, not custom economic vocabulary",
          "text": "VF is the emerging standard for economic coordination on distributed ledgers — used by hREA (Holochain VF implementation) and FEP-0837 (federated marketplace protocol over ActivityPub). Economy3 records are dual-typed: schema.org for DPP validators and regulators, vf:EconomicEvent/vf:Commitment/vf:Claim for VF consumers. One record is readable by both without translation. om2 (Ontology of Units of Measure) provides the unit IRI vocabulary — PoundAvoirdupois, Kilogram, Hectare."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "commonsP1a",
      "text": "Catalini, Cremer, and Tucker (2025) showed that in the agentic economy, the verifiable share"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "commonsP1em",
      "text": "sv"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "commonsP1b",
      "text": "of output expands only through cryptographic provenance — not through marketing claims, not through certificates, not through platform reputation. The signed record is the primitive."
    },
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      "identifier": "legendOrange",
      "text": "Orange"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "legendOrangeText",
      "text": "= schema.org · readable by DPP validators, Google, EU registries"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "legendBlue",
      "text": "Blue"
    },
    {
      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "legendBlueText",
      "text": "= ValueFlows · readable by hREA, FEP-0837"
    },
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      "@type": "WebPageElement",
      "identifier": "stack",
      "hasPart": [
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Agent trust",
          "headline": "Holochain",
          "text": "DNA, zomes, DHT, offline-first."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Data format",
          "headline": "JSON-LD 1.1",
          "text": "schema.org for compliance + DPP validators. ValueFlows for economic coordination. Both in one record."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Economic vocab",
          "headline": "ValueFlows + om2",
          "text": "vf:EconomicEvent, vf:Commitment, vf:Claim. om2 units (PoundAvoirdupois, Kilogram). hREA + FEP-0837 compatible."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Compliance rules",
          "headline": "The regulation canon",
          "text": "as schema.org Legislation on the DHT, read live by every surface.",
          "identifier": "regulations"
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "AI interface",
          "headline": "MCP server",
          "text": "5 tools: get_provenance_record, verify_berry_amendment, check_eu_dpp, get_custody_chain, check_compliance."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "AI agents",
          "headline": "Near.ai audit service",
          "text": "Agent-to-agent verification, oracle layer — roadmap."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Export",
          "headline": "EPCIS 2.0",
          "text": "GS1 Digital Link → EPCIS EventList transform — Q3 2026."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "UI — Heritage app",
          "headline": "React + TypeScript",
          "text": "Holochain Launcher webhapp, offline-first."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "UI — Website",
          "headline": "Next.js 16",
          "text": "App Router, server components, Fly.io deploy."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Conductor bridge",
          "headline": "TypeScript / Node.js",
          "text": "Next.js API routes → Holochain AppWebsocket. PostgreSQL is adapter-only for projections and Unyt bridge queues. No Python."
        }
      ]
    },
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      "identifier": "espr",
      "hasPart": [
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          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Open standards",
          "identifier": "ESPR.10.1.d",
          "text": "JSON-LD 1.1 (W3C), schema.org, EPCIS 2.0 (GS1). All published, freely implementable standards."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Interoperable format",
          "identifier": "ESPR.10.1.d",
          "text": "JSON-LD is natively readable by any JSON parser, AI agent, or EU registry endpoint."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Machine-readable",
          "identifier": "ESPR.10.1.d",
          "text": "Structured data with typed properties. No PDFs. No images. No unstructured text fields."
        },
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          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "No vendor lock-in",
          "identifier": "ESPR.10.1.d",
          "text": "Open source. Partners own their records. The DHT is a public good — no platform intermediary."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Transferable across systems",
          "identifier": "ESPR.10.1.d",
          "text": "schema.org + GS1 Digital Link satisfies both EU registry and US DoD EPCIS export formats."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Cryptographic attribution",
          "identifier": "ESPR.11.g",
          "text": "Holochain: every record signed by the agent's key at creation. Immutable. Append-only. Auditable."
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "Data retention for product lifetime",
          "identifier": "ESPR.9.2.i",
          "text": "Holochain DHT: no central server to shut down. Records persist as long as any node holds them."
        }
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    },
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      "identifier": "standards",
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          "name": "Holochain",
          "alternateName": "Holo Ltd",
          "text": "Agent-centric DHT — signed records, offline-first, no gas",
          "url": "https://holochain.org"
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "JSON-LD 1.1",
          "alternateName": "W3C",
          "text": "EU ESPR-mandated data format. The only format AI agents and DPP validators share.",
          "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11/"
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "schema.org",
          "alternateName": "Google/W3C",
          "text": "Product, Certification, QuantitativeValue — the vocabulary regulators cite.",
          "url": "https://schema.org"
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "ValueFlows",
          "alternateName": "VF community",
          "text": "vf:EconomicEvent, vf:Commitment, vf:Claim — economic coordination on distributed systems.",
          "url": "https://www.valueflo.ws"
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "om2",
          "alternateName": "OM ontology",
          "text": "PoundAvoirdupois, Kilogram, Hectare — canonical unit IRIs for VF measures.",
          "url": "http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org"
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "EPCIS 2.0",
          "alternateName": "GS1",
          "text": "ObjectEvent/TransformationEvent export for retail and DoD supply chain systems.",
          "url": "https://www.gs1.org/standards/epcis"
        },
        {
          "@type": "WebPageElement",
          "name": "MCP",
          "alternateName": "Anthropic",
          "text": "Model Context Protocol — AI agent tool interface. Claude, GPT, any compatible agent.",
          "url": "https://modelcontextprotocol.io"
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}